Archive for August, 2011
Posted on Aug 28, 2011 12:51:21 AM
Ago 10, 2011
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Posted on Aug 27, 2011 11:00:55 PM
![[MASTERPIECE]](http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/RV-AD589_MASTER_G_20110715003007.jpg)
Corbis
The 2,711 concrete pillars—of different heights but identical lengths and widths—rise from the ground like blank tombstones.
Berlin is a vibrant city haunted by history and death. Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe opened there in May 2005. If you came upon it unknowingly, you might mistake it for a bizarre playground designed by the obsessive-compulsive Donald Judd, or a cousin to Daniel Buren’s installation of black-and-white columns of different lengths in the courtyard of the Palais Royal in Paris. Occupying an open plaza near the Brandenburg Gate, across the street from the public Tiergarten and around the corner from the shining commercial towers of Potsdamer Platz, the memorial’s 2,711 concrete stelae (funeral pillars)—of different heights but identical lengths and widths—extend in shining rows, 54 of them going north-south, and 87 heading east-west at right angles.
Some of the stelae at the periphery are flush with the ground, like blank tombstones. As you move toward the site’s center, the flat grade deepens and you find yourself sinking slowly among taller pillars. Claustrophobia replaces openness; two people cannot walk abreast down the aisles. The site is not quite a labyrinth, because all of its lines are straight, but you feel trapped.
Although officially forbidden to do so, children leap from stele to stele. (A helpful attendant told me that the memorial lacks sufficient staff to patrol the site properly.) A sense of ordinariness, even of carnival on sunny days, prevails on top, contrasting with the dark, eerie shadows beneath. This disparity makes a point more forcefully than words can: that even in the midst of normal life, strangeness—or much worse—can overwhelm you.
Michel Setboun/Corbis
Another view of Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe.
Memorials and gravesites are synonymous with naming, except for places like a Tomb of the Unknowns. In the case of six million European Jews who perished in the Holocaust, names are often impossible to come by. Despite the best efforts of historians and the work of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, information for about half of the victims—the times and places of their deaths—may be forever lost. Mr. Eisenman’s stark pillars represent the facelessness of mass destruction.
The above-ground memorial constitutes only part of the experience of being here. For countless residents and tourists who meander by it on their daily rounds, it does what Robert Lowell said of Augustus Saint-Gaudens’s bas-relief to Col. Robert Gould Shaw and his black soldiers, on Boston’s Beacon Street across from the Massachusetts State Capitol: It “sticks like a fish bone in the city’s throat.” A century after the Civil War, the sculpture reminded Lowell of the work of liberation still to be done.
Mr. Eisenman’s construction—bland and gripping at once—does the same.
Blandness and anonymity are banished below ground, in the rooms of the Information Center, where visitors can attach names, faces and personal details to some of the Holocaust’s victims. At the end of a long corridor that presents in words and images a capsule history of Jews during the Third Reich (1933-45), you face magnified photo portraits of six people, standing in for all the others. Then come four darkened, somber square rooms, each balancing the enormity of the tragedy with the individuality of single victims, their voices and stories. Each chamber contains visual reminders of the stelae above: rectangular benches, horizontal floor markers and vertical illuminations.
Take, for example, “The Room of Dimensions.” On the walls you find the countries of origin and numbers of victims, from Albania (100) and Denmark (116) to Russia (950,000-1,050,000) and Poland (2.9 million to 3.1 million): Mere statistics. On the floor you read, as if they were epitaphs, illuminated transcriptions of snippets from postcards, letters, diaries—some of which reached their intended recipients, others of which were recovered miraculously after the war. Twelve-year-old Judith Wischnjatskaja bids farewell to her father in a note found by a member of the Red Army. The Viennese writer Oskar Rosenfeld (1884-1944) describes the resettlement from the Lodz ghetto and asks: “If something like that was possible, what else would be? Why war still? Why hunger still? Why a world still?” Each of the 15 tells a different story; each tells the same story.
“Claustrophobia replaces openness as you experience the unnameable on a colossal scale.”
For many Americans, the most moving testimony to the victims of Sept. 11, 2001, came a year after the attacks when, at Ground Zero, the names of the dead were read out, alphabetically. Prayers and political commentary sounded bloated or empty by comparison, as they would here in Berlin. In the room called “Collecting Traces” you sit on slabs and hear names and modest obituaries of ordinary people in German and English. You hear things like “the exact circumstances of her death are not known.” To read all the names, we are told—even if we had them—would take more than 6½ years.
A third room shows representative families from different countries. We read of the Czechoslovakian Samuel Antman, who survived. In 1945, after the liberation, he sat down to make a list of his relatives who did not. He named 92 of them. In 1980, he did it again and remembered only 26. Already he had begun to forget.
W.B. Yeats, in “Easter, 1916,” his elegy about the failed uprising in Dublin against British rule, refers to the Irish rebels, at first, only generically—”that woman,” “this man,” “this other man.” At the poem’s end, he says that “our part” is “to murmur name upon name,” like a mother singing her child to sleep. Only now can he “write it out in a verse” and identify “MacDonagh and MacBride / And Connolly and Pearse.” To remember means to specify.
For a full history of Jews in Germany, one goes to Daniel Libeskind’s encyclopedic Jewish Museum, which traces settlement, anti-Semitism, assimilation and acculturation in addition to the Holocaust. For an experience of the un-nameable on a colossal scale, as well as snapshots of commonplace people, one comes here, to Mr. Eisenman’s memorial, where the materiality of stone competes and cooperates with the ephemerality of language and names, and where at least some of the names achieve a permanence of their own.
—Mr. Spiegelman is the Hughes Professor of English at Southern Methodist University.
Originally Published On: online.wsj.com – Original Article Here
Posted on Aug 27, 2011 07:31:21 PM
Ago 10, 2011
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El vino es por definición un producto de origen fermentativo y, por tanto, imposible de concebir sin la acción de microorganismos. Las levaduras desempeñan un papel central en enologÃa, ya que son responsables de la fermentación alcohólica, que es el proceso por el que el mosto se transforma en vino, y que le confiere gran parte de sus matices aromáticos.
La levadura más conocida y utilizada es Saccharomyces cerevisiae, responsable también de la producción del pan, de la cerveza y de las bebidas alcohólicas. Hoy se dispone comercialmente de muchas levaduras que, además de sus propiedades fermentativas, permiten revelar determinados aromas, influir en la conservación del color, redondez o también volumen en la boca, etc.
Posted on Aug 27, 2011 02:11:21 PM
Ago 10, 2011
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Apple ha logrado una victoria vital en su lucha por la violación de patentes contra Samsung Electronics, después de que un tribunal alemán haya prohibido temporalmente a la firma surcoreana vender su tableta Galaxy en la Unión Europea. Sólo Holanda podrá seguir comercializando este tipo de dispositivo.
La orden judicial, que será recurrida por Samnsung, llega una semana después de que Samsung tuviera que posponer el lanzamiento de su modelo más reciente de Galaxy en Australia por demandas similares.
Según la denuncia de Apple, los modelos Galaxy, tanto en teléfonos móviles como en tabletas, copia “ciegamente” al iPhone y al iPad, por lo que ha demandado a la firma en Estados Unidos, Australia y otros paÃses. Samsung ha contrarrestado con otra demanda a Apple.
Posted on Aug 27, 2011 02:00:28 PM
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Posted on Aug 27, 2011 08:51:21 AM
Ago 10, 2011
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